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- Curtis Shephard
- Nanotechnology: Immortality or total annihilation?
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- Technology has evolved from ideals once seen as unbelievable to common everyday instruments.
- Computers that used to occupy an entire room are now the size of notebooks. The human race has always
- pushed for technological advances working at the most efficient level, perhaps, the molecular level. The
- developments and progress in artificial intelligence and molecular technology have spawned a new form
- of technology; Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology could give the human race eternal life, or it could cause
- total annihilation.
- The idea of nanotech was conceived by a man named K. Eric Drexler (Stix 94), which he defines
- as "Technology based on the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules to build structures to
- complex atomic specifications (Drexler, "Engines" 288)." The technology which Drexler speaks of will be
- undoubtedly small, in fact, nano- structures will only measure 100 nanometers, or a billionth of a meter
- (Stix 94).
- Being as small as they are, nanostructures require fine particles that can only be seen with the
- STM, or Scanning Tunneling Microscope (Dowie 4). Moreover the STM allows the scientists to not only
- see things at the molecular level, but it can pick up and move atoms as well (Port 128). Unfortunately the
- one device that is giving nanoscientists something to work with is also one of the many obstacles
- restricting the development of nanotech. The STM has been regarded as too big to ever produce nanotech
- structures (Port 128). Other scientists have stated that the manipulation of atoms, which nanotech relies
- on, ignores atomic reality. Atoms simply don't fit together in ways which nanotech intends to use them
- (Garfinkel 105). The problems plaguing the progress of nanotech has raised many questions among the
- scientific community concerning it's validity. The moving of atoms, the gathering of information, the
- restrictions of the STM, all restrict nanotech progress. And until these questions are answered, nanotech
- is regarded as silly (Stix 98).
- But the nanotech optimists are still out there. They contend that the progress made by a team at
- IBM who was able to write letters and draw pictures atom by atom actually began the birth of nanotech
- (Darling 49). These same people answer the scientific questions by replying that a breakthrough is not
- needed, rather the science gained must be applied (DuCharme 33). In fact, Drexler argues that the
- machines exist, trends are simply working on building better ones ("Unbounding" 24). Drexler continues
- by stating that the machines he spoke about in "Engines of Creation" published in 1986 should be
- developed early in the 21st century ("Unbounding" 116).
- However many scientists still argue that because nanotech has produced absolutely nothing
- physical, it should be regarded as science fiction (Garfinkel 111). Secondly, nano-doubters rely on
- scientific fact to condemn nanotech. For example it is argued that we are very far away from ever seeing
- nanotech due to the fact that when atoms get warm they have a tendency to bounce around. As a result
- the bouncing atoms collide with other materials and mess up the entire structure (Davidson A1). Taken in
- hand with the movement of electron charges, many regard nanotech as impossible (Garfinkel 106). But
- this is not the entirety of the obstacles confining nanotech development. One major set-back is the fact
- that the nanostructures are too small to reflect light in a visible way, making them practically invisible
- (Garfinkel 104).
- Nevertheless, Nanotech engineers remain hopeful and argue that; "With adequate funding,
- researchers will soon be able to custom build simple molecules that can store and process information and
- manipulate or fabricate other molecules, including more of themselves. This may occur before the turn of
- the century."(Roland 30) There are other developments also, that are pushing nanotech in the right
- direction for as Lipkin pointed out recent developments have lead to possibilities of computers thinking in
- 3-D (5). Which is a big step towards the processing of information that nanotech requires. Although
- there are still unanswered questions from some of the scientific community, researchers believe that they
- are moving forward and will one day be able to produce nanomachines.
- One such machine is regarded as a replicator. A replicator, as it's name implies, will replicate;
- much like the way in which genes are able to replicate themselves (Drexler, "Engines" 23). It is also
- believed that once a replicator has made a copy of itself, it will also be able to arrange atoms to build
- entirely new materials and structures (Dowie 5).
- Another perceived nanomachine is the assembler. The assembler is a small machine that will
- take in raw materials, follow a set of specific instructions, re-arrange the atoms, and result in an
- altogether new product (Darling 53). Hence, one could make diamonds simply by giving some assemblers
- a lump of coal. Drexler states that the assemblers will be the most beneficial nanites for they will build
- structures atom by atom ("Engines" 12). Along with the assemblers comes its opposite, the disassembler.
- The disassembler is very similar to the assemblers, except it works backwards. It is believed that these
- nanites will allow scientists to analyze materials by breaking them down, atom by atom (Drexler,
- "Engines" 19). As a result of the enhanced production effects of assemblers Drexler believes that they will
- be able to shrink computers and improve their operation, giving us nanocomputers. These machines will
- be able to do all things that current computers can do, but at a much more efficient level.
- Once these nanomachines are complete they will be able to grasp molecules, bond them together,
- and eventually result in a larger, new structure (Drexler, "Engines" 13). Through this and similar
- processes the possibilities of nanotech are endless. It is believed that nanites could build robots, shrunken
- versions of mills, rocket ships, microscopic submarines that patrol the bloodstream, and more of
- themselves (Stix 94). Hence, their is no limit to what nanotech can do, it could arrange circuits and build
- super-computers, or give eternal life (Stix 97). Overall Drexler contends; "Advances in the technologies
- of medicine, space, computation, and production-and warfare all depend on our ability to arrange atoms.
- With assemblers, we will be able to remake our world, or destroy it" ("Engines" 14).
- In a more specific spectrum, are the impacts nanotechnology could have on the area of
- production. Nanotechnology could greatly increase our means of production. Nanites have the ability to
- convert bulks of raw materials into manufactured goods by arranging atoms (DuCharme 58). As a result
- of this increased efficiency, DuCharme believes that this will become the norm in producing goods, that
- this whole filed will now be done at the molecular level (34). Thus, nanotech could eliminate the need for
- production conditions that are harmful or difficult to maintain (Roland 31). Moreover, the impact that
- nanotech will have on production could lead to a never before seen abundance of goods. Costs and labor
- will all be significantly cheaper. Everyone would be able to use nanotech as a tool for increased efficiency
- in the area of production (DuCharme 60). The overall effects of nanotech on producing materials were
- best summed up by Dowie, "This new revolution won't require crushing, boiling, melting, etc. Goods
- would now be built from the atom up by nanomachines" (4).
- Nanotech will also be able to benefit us in other ways. One great advantage to nanotech will be
- the improvements it will lend in the areas of medicine. With the production of microscopic submarines,
- this branch of nanotech could be the most appealing. These nanites would be able to patrol the
- bloodstream sensing friendly chemicals and converting bad ones into harmless waste (Darling 7). But
- nanites will be able to do more than this, this brand of nanites could also repair damaged DNA and hunt
- cancer (Port 128). Thus, nanites would be able to cure many illnesses and repair DNA. Moreover,
- nanites could remove the need to keep animals for human use, they could simply produce the food inside
- your body (Darling 59). As a result of nanites floating through your body and attacking harmful
- substances such as cholesterol, people could live indefinitely รป perhaps a millennia (Davidson A1).
- This idea opens up another door in the field of nanotech research, dealing with the potential for
- immortality. But aside from providing eternal life through fixing DNA and curing illnesses, nanotech
- could be used with cryogenics in providing never-ending life. The current problem with cryogenics is
- after a person is frozen the cells in their body expand and burst. Nanotech could solve for this problem for
- they could find and replace the broken cells (DuCharme 152). Also, however, nanites wouldn't even
- require the entire frozen body. They could simply replicate the DNA in a frozen head and then produce a
- whole new person (DuCharme 155).
- However, this poses a potential problem, that being overpopulation, and the environment.
- DuCharme contends that this should not be a concern for a high standard of living will keep the
- population from growing (61). However, if the population were to increase nanotech will have produced
- the energy to allow us to live in currently uninhabitable areas of the earth (DuCharme 63). Nanites will
- allow people to not only live on earth, but on the sea, under the sea, underground, and in space due to
- increased flight capabilities (DuCharme 64). Hence, the human race will have a near infinite space for
- living. Also, nanites would reduce the toxins manufactured from cars by producing cheap electric cars,
- but also use disassemblers to clean up waste dumps (DuCharme 68). The benefits of nanotech are
- countless, it could be used to do anything from spying to mowing the lawn (Davidson A1). However, with
- the good comes the bad. Nanotech could also bring some distinct disadvantages.
- One scenario which illustrates the danger of nanotech is referred to as the gray goo problem.
- Gray Goo is referred to as when billions of nanites band together and eat everything they come into
- contact with (Davidson A1). However, Davidson only gets the tip of the iceberg when it comes to the
- deadliness of gray goo. Roland better illustrates this hazards threat; "Nanotechnology could spawn a new
- form of life that would overwhelm all other life on earth, replacing it with a swarm of nanomachines.
- This is sometimes called the 'gray goo' scenario. It could take the form of a new disease organism, which
- might wipe out whole species, including Homo Sapiens"(32). Simply put the nanites would replicate to
- quickly and destroy everything including the human race (Stix 95). Moreover, the rapid replication rate
- that nanotech is capable of could allow it to out-produce real organisms and turn the biosphere to dust
- (Drexler, "Engines" 172). However, death is only one of the dangers of gray goo. If controlled by the
- wrong people, nanites could be used to alter or destroy those persons enemies (Roland 32). But gray goo
- is only of one of the many potential harms of nanotech.
- If so desired, nanotech could be used as a deadly weapon. Although microscopic robots don't
- sound like a very effective weapon, Drexler states that they are more potent than Nuclear weapons, and
- much easier to obtain ("Engines" 174). But aside from being used as a weapon, nanites would be able to
- produce weapons at a quick and inexpensive rate. In fact, with the ability to separate isotopes and atoms
- one would be able to extract fissionable Uranium 235 or Plutonium 239. With these elements, a person
- has the key ingredients for a nuclear bomb (Roland 34). As a result of the lethality of nano-weapons the
- first to develop nanotech could use it to destroy his rivals. New methods for domination will exist that is
- greater than Nukes and more dangerous (Roland 33). This along with simple errors, such as receiving the
- wrong instructions points toward nanotech doing more harm than good (Darling 56).
- Moreover, the threats from nanotech could be a potential cause of extinction (Drexler, "Engines"
- 174). Drexler continues by saying that unless precautions are taken nano could lead to complete
- annihilation ("Engines" 23).
- However, if nanotech does not lead to extinction, it could be used to increase the power of states
- and individuals. Bacon believes that only the very most elite individuals will receive benefits from
- nanotech. Beyond that however, it is perceived that advanced tech extends the possibilities of torture used
- by a state (Drexler, "Engines" 176). However, states will become more powerful in other ways. With the
- increase means of production, nanotech could remove the need for any if not all people (Drexler,
- "Engines" 176). This opens new doors for totalitarian states. They would no longer require keeping
- anyone alive, individuals would not be enslaved, rather they would be killed (Drexler, "Engines" 176). It
- is perceived that all the benefits would remove all interdependence, and destroy the quality of life itself
- (Roland 34).
- In the end, nanotech could give a lifestyle never before imagined. On the other hand, it could
- destroy entire species. The effects and potentials of nanotech are best summed up by it's inventor,
- Drexler, "Nanotechnology and artificial intelligence could bring the ultimate tools of destruction, but they
- are not inherently destructive. With care, we can use them to build the ultimate tools of peace" ("Engines"
- 190). The question of how beneficial nanotech will prove to be, can only be answered by time. Time will
- tell whether developments and progress in artificial intelligence and molecular technology will eventually
- produce true nanotechnology. And, if produced, whether this branch of science will give us immortality
- or total annihilation.
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